PathOS will centre its activities around 7 targeted case studies that will (a) drive the modelling of the pathways with all relevant elements of Open Science which can be measured both in terms of indicators for input and costs, and by making their connections, (b) support testing and operationalization of Open Science indicators (tools, data, flows) by providing access to data and experts who bring knowledge of the local environment, and (c) provide input to the Cost Benefit Analysis and to validate results.